State Herbarium staff member Chelsea Novice holding a specimen of Sarcothalia radula. Photo: B. Baldock.

DEWNR‘s last Park of the Month for 2016 is Canunda National Park on the South Australia’s south-eastern shore. Fittingly, the State Herbarium has chosen an alga, Sarcothalia radula (Esper) Edyvane & Womersley, as Plant* of the Month (even though technically speaking, red algae are not plants).

[* = and other organisms traditionally studied by botanists]

Bigger and bolder at Canunda

The South East of South Australia − including Canunda N.P. shores − is rich in algal species, particularly red algae. An upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich bottom waters occurs in summer, producing both a large diversity and large sizes of some algae (see Butler et al. 2002, 900kb PDF). For example, the Giant Kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) and Bull Kelp (Durvillaea potatorum), are common big browns along rocky parts of the Canunda N.P.

But the reds can be big, too.

Sarcothalia radula, base of alga with holdfast. Photo: B. Baldock.

Sarcothalia radula is a bright-red-purple alga looking like a filmy, plastic sheet that reaches 1½ m in height in calm waters. It can be paper-thin, and not surprisingly gets damaged, with holes appearing in the blade. Remarkably for such a large plant, this alga is fixed to rocks at depths of 1-10 m by the tiniest of holdfasts.  How it withstands being swept from its substrate by the surge of water in its habitat is difficult to imagine.

Smaller plants may be lance-shaped, or even appear slashed into narrow strips, possibly a response to depth of water, light and ferocity of waves.

A descriptive common name, giant pimply-sheets, coined in the Algae Revealed fact-sheet  (960kb PDF) on eFloraSA, highlights the strange texture present when a female plant is fertile. Thousands of small, pimply (papillose) bumps on very short stalks are scattered on the surfaces and edges of blades. The common name found on Algae Base, is tongue weed, but fertile female blades must resemble pretty furry tongues when fertile!  In fact, the specific epithet radula, Latin for “rasp” or “scraper” more aptly describes them.

Sarcothalia radula: cross-section through blade (left) and surface view of the “pimply” female blade margin (right). Photos: B. Baldock.

Internally, the microscopic structure of blade cores (image above) shows many-armed cells separated by an extraordinary amount of space. Surface layers consist of compact, outward-facing chains of small cells.

We have some 60 specimens of Sarcothalia radula in the collection of the State Herbarium of South Australia. Globally, the species is found in cold waters across the southern hemisphere.

Perhaps after local storms you may come across this impressive red washed up on Canunda beaches.

Contributed by Carolyn Ricci and Bob Baldock, Phycology Unit, State Herbarium.

Orthrosanthus multiflorus, Kangaroo Is. Photo: D. Armstrong.

As the second Plant of the Month for November 2016, the State Herbarium of South Australia has chosen Orthrosanthus multiflorus Sweet (morning flag). It is a native member of the Iris family (Iridaceae) found in both Parks of the Month, Kelly Hill Conservation Park and Seal Bay Conservation Park.

Plant a flag in your garden!

Morning flag is a hardy tufted perennial that is suitable for cultivation in Adelaide (4.2MB NRM gardening brochure) and elsewhere in temperate S.A., provided frost-prone areas are avoided. For further information see the Botanic Gardens of SA Plant Selector and the State Flora Nursery Catalogue (7.5mb PDF), which happens to feature our Plant of the Month on its front cover!

Within South Australia, morning flag is almost entirely confined to Kangaroo Island, apart from several records on the southern tip of Eyre Peninsula and a questionably native occurrence near Inman Valley on Fleurieu Peninsula. It is the dominant ground cover plant in the Rocky River visitor precinct of Flinders Chase National Park, its tough grass-like leaves being resistant to grazing by kangaroos, wallabies and Cape Barren Geese.

Morning flag at Rocky River, Flinders Chase National Park. Photo: D.N. Kraehenbuehl.

In the South Australian flora, the Iris family (Iridaceae) is dominated by introduced species (currently 52 listed in the Census) and these are largely South African garden escapes. Orthrosanthus multiflorus is one of only three native Iridaceae species found here (the other two being Patersonia species). Have a go at growing it and help redress the imbalance. It would make a wonderful addition to South Australian gardens as an alternative to the many introduced ones!

The delightful illustration below by Edwin Dalton Smith was published with the original description of the species by the English botanist and horticulturalist Robert Sweet in 1827 in his Flora Australasica or a selection of handsome or curious plants native of New Holland and the south sea islands (1827-1828).

Contributed by State Herbarium botanist Peter J. Lang.

Sarcomenia delesserioides, pressed specimen (blades enlarged in inset). AD-A61614.

For November, DEWNR has chosen a pair of neighbouring parks on Kangaroo Island as Parks of the Month: Seal Bay Conservation Park and Kelly Hill Conservation Park. The State Herbarium of South Australia has also chosen two Plants of the Month for November 2016. For Seal Bay, the Phycology Unit suggested the alga Sarcomenia delesserioides Sonder.

Where is it now?

Delicate, filmy, iridescent under water and self-destructive! Sarcomenia delesserioides is a beautiful, translucent red alga found from the Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia to Victoria, often washed in from deep waters. It is difficult to preserve as it habitually dissolves itself when left to die slowly, leaving a sloppy mess on the paper sheet if its collector tries to press it in the usual way.

Streamer-like narrow blades arise from a short stalk anchored by a root-like holdfast. Side blades on short stalks sprout from mid-line veins. Under a hand-lens, you can better appreciate the delicate beauty of the alga. Female plants produce a “forest” of glistening, minute, lollipop-like structures (cystocarps) on both blade surfaces.

Sarcomenia delesserioides, female blades with cystocarps (top image) and male blade with stichidia (bottom). AD-A74861. Photos: B. Baldock.

There are separate spore and male plants which produce miniature, finger-like reproductive structures (stichidia) that make blade surfaces look like furry tongues. Blade tips under a laboratory microscope show single, large, apical cells dividing to form mid-line veins and spreading lines of cells, produced in pairs with mathematical precision, that expand the blade width. As the blade matures and thickens slightly, additional surface cells form ring patterns around larger deeper cells.

The first record of this alga in the State Herbarium is probably that collected by Jessie Hussey at Port Elliott, who was an avid collector of algae during the end of the 19th century. There are 17 specimens from the south coast of Kangaroo Island mainly from the Vivonne Bay jetty. Other collections come from drift or specimens “cast up”. We know the plant actually grows on rock at depth — 38 m — from a dive made off Cape Willoughby in 1989 (a collection that would be prohibited these days because of industrial safety regulations).

Sarcomenia delesserioides, tip of blade (left image) and surface cells (right). AD-A18663. Photos: B. Baldock.

Only two records of this exquisite alga from Seal Bay exist, from drift specimens taken by the late Professor Womersley way back in October 1966. Visits there in the 1950s (2), 60s (3 additional ones), 70s (3), 80s (1) and 90s (2) failed to find the species again. There have been no subsequent collections at the State Herbarium of any algae from southern Kangaroo Island localities, which reflects the penurious nature of algal field work in modern times.

Does Sarcomenia delesserioides still exist in Seal Bay or its rocky environs? Have visitors noticed it and failed to recognise its uniqueness? Perhaps only a serious “algal watch” by local enthusiasts could answer these questions.

The State Herbarium e-Flora has webpages that could help avid beachcombers. Try the Algae Revealed keys and information sheets on www.flora.sa.gov.au/algae_revealed/index.shtml.

Contributed by Carolyn Ricci and Bob Baldock, Phycology Unit, State Herbarium.

One out of the boxes

The Plant of the Month for October 2016 is Eucalyptus porosa F.Muell. ex Miq. (mallee box), the dominant eucalypt in DEWNR’s Park of the Month, Cobbler Creek Recreation Park.

Mallee box, Eucalyptus porosa, dominates the hillsides of Cobbler Creek Recreation Park, with red gum, E. camaldulensis, growing along the creekline. Photo: Peripitus (CC BY-SA 4.0) from Wikipedia.

Mallee box is part box (a general name for a Eucalypt with rough flaky bark) and part mallee due to its well-developed lignotuber and frequent multi-stemmed habit. Under optimal conditions though, it is often a single-trunked, rather twisty and spreading tree. Mallee box can be distinguished from other boxes in SA by the colour of its foliage: a fresh “yellow-ochre green” rather than grey-green.

Eucalyptus porosa foliage. Photo: Clive M. Chesson.

Eucalyptus porosa mostly occurs within South Australia, and although sometimes overlooked, it is a very characteristic feature of many of our landscapes, particularly on the sheet limestone soils of Eyre and Yorke Peninsulas. It also grows in clay-loam depressions in the Murray Mallee and upper South-East regions, on rocky hillslopes in the Flinders Ranges, and confined along drainage lines in more arid areas. In the Adelaide region it is localized on dryer sites of the hills-face escarpment from Cobblers Creek to Skye and further south near Marino. Several remnant trees also persist on the edge of Adelaide city in the West Terrace Cemetery.

Eucalyptus porosa flowers, buds and fruit. Photo: Clive M. Chesson

The variety of its habitats has probably contributed to the plethora of common names: mallee box, black (or South Australian) mallee box, water (or Quorn or lerp) mallee and swamp box.

Brooker (2000) classified Eucalyptus porosa as being closely related to other boxes such as peppermint box (Eucalyptus odorata) and grey box (E. microcarpa). However, recent unpublished molecular studies by Herbarium Molecular Botanist Ed Biffin show that it is most closely related to the South Australian blue gum (E. leucoxylon) in a different group comprising species that are remarkably diverse in their bark type – smooth-barked gums, boxes and ironbarks. Significantly, hybrids between E. porosa and E. leucoxylon are frequently encountered.

Descriptions of these and other South Australian eucalypts are available in the new Flora of South Australia (5th edition) eucalypt treatment (32MB pdf file) by Dean Nicolle.

Contributed by State Herbarium botanists Peter J. Lang.

Laver – a delicate red alga favoured as the wrapping around rice for sushi has appeared in a distinct, dark band of growth on boulders of the artificial breakwater of the Sea Rescue Marina(Barcoo Inlet), near West Beach, Adelaide.

Growth zone of Porphyra on a boulder at West Beach, South Australia. Photo: B. Baldock.

The species is Porphyra lucasii Levring. Uninspiring at first glance, a sheer, purple, frilly blade about 50 mm long can be seen if the alga is floated out in water.

Porphyra lucasii. Photo: B. Baldock.

It is more spectacular under the microscope – one cell thick with dazzling patterns of cells and a toothed blade edge. It clings to the rocks by a patch of cells (a “holdfast”) with snake-like projections that squeeze into minute crevices in the rock surface.

In southern seas, we see Porphyra only in winter. At the State Herbarium of South Australia, we have metropolitan Adelaide specimens from Port Stanvac and Brighton jetty piles, and Witton Bluff, Port Noarlunga.

Pophyra lucasii. Microscopic view of a blade edge (top) and holdfast cells with thread-like “tails” (bottom). Photo: B. Baldock.

But Porphyra has a secret life, not yet detected locally in the wild: a microscopic, thread-like spore phase. This is called a Conchocelis stage and gets its name because the tips of its threads penetrate shells of molluscs (“concho” meaning something to do with shells). – The discovery of this lifecycle in another species of Porphyra by British phycologist Kathleen Mary Drew-Baker in 1949 revolutionised seaweed production in Japan.

An unusual feature of the West Beach plants is their high position in the intertidal – merely in the “splash” zone, or “supra-littoral”, above high tide. Do they survive because seas have been so rough recently and they occasionally get splashed? In some places, the plants sit on a mat of seagrass fibres about 5 mm thick. Could this act like a sponge and sustain the alga with water at low tide and during calmer conditions?

Unfortunately, the band will disappear with the coming of summer, the conditions drying and shrivelling the delicate plants. Next winter, will they return?

Contributed by Bob Baldock and Carolyn Ricci, Phycology Lab., State Herbarium.