Undaria pinnatifida, fresh specimen before preservation. Photo: R.N. Baldock.

Several weeks ago, Fiona McQueen, one of our volunteers who works in the Phycology Unit of the State Herbarium of South Australia, discovered the invading brown algal species Undaria pinnatifida growing on the pontoon of the marina at Robe in the SE of South Australia.

The species is a declared noxious weed in South Australia and is listed on the national Australian Priority Marine Pest List. The species is one of the world’s 100 most invasive species.

Undaria pinnatifida, also known as Japanese kelp or wakame, is endemic to Japan, where is has been cultivated for centuries as an edible delicacy. It has established in temperate regions throughout the world, including North and South American coasts, and of several European countries. Japanese kelp has also spread across the Pacific, reaching New Zealand and southern Australia, where it has become an opportunistic pest, readily colonising disturbed areas.

For a while, South Australia appears to have avoided the invasion that occurred in Tasmanian and Victorian cold-water coasts; the closest record was from Portland, Vic. From its appearance on Robe’s harbour facility, it is likely that it was transported here on the hulls of boats. The species has a microscopic sexual phase that could easily have been transported that way.

Although Undaria pinnatifida resembles our common kelp, Ecklonia radiata, it can be readily identified when mature because of the spore-bearing frills (sporophylls) wrapped around the base of the stalk.

The species has now been added to the South Australian Census of Plants, Algae & Fungi. The Department of Primary Industries and Regions’ (PIRSA) Biosecurity Division is working on a response to this invasive species. Any detections of Undaria pinnatifida outside of the Robe Marina and Cape Jaffa Anchorage should be reported to FishWatch on 1800 065 522.

Undaria pinnatifida, root-like holdfast showing frilly sporophylls. Photo: R.N. Baldock.

Compiled by Hon. Associate Bob Baldock.

Hibbertia banksii. Watercolour by F.P. Nodder from sketches by Sydney Parkinson, the artist on Cook’s first voyage. Library & Archives, Natural History Museum, London (BM).

The State Herbarium of South Australia published three articles in Vol. 37 of the online version of its journal Swainsona today, 17 Aug. 2023.

(1) H.R. Toelken, Notes on Hibbertia (Dilleniaceae: subgen. Hemistemma) – 12. The northern Australian species of the H. banksii group (3.5mb PDF).

Hon. Research Associate Hellmut Toelken continues his revisions of the species of Hibbertia in Australia with this treatment of Hibbertia banksii and related taxa.

Twelve species and three subspecies are described in detail. Two species and three subspecies are described as new. All these plants occur in tropical Australia, i.e. the northern parts of Western Australia, the Northern Territory and Queensland. Identification keys are provided, as well as a line drawing with all species.

Eucalyptus leucoxylon flower, dissected longitudinally. Scale bar = 5 mm. Photo: J. Salter.

(2) J. Salter, An unusual bud type in eucalypt flower morphology – another character to add to the Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) suite (11.2mb PDF).

New Zealand botanist Joshua Salter describes a new type of eucalypt bud, particular to Eucalyptus ser. Melliodorae, which includes for example E. leucoxylon (Yellow Gum) and E. melliodora (Yellow Box).

In this bud type, stamens arise from a ‘hinged’ staminophore, infolded on the inner face of the hypanthium, which lifts the stamens up and out at anthesis.

(3) T.A. Hammer, Hibbertia radians (Dilleniaceae), a new combination from South Australia (6.4mb PDF).

Tim Hammer (State Herbarium of South Australia and The University of Adelaide) discusses the subspecies of Hibbertia empetrifolia and describes the subspecies which occurs in South Australia, H. empetrifolia subsp. radians, as a separate taxon, H. radians. It occurs on Kangaroo Island and the Fleurieu Peninsula. Hibbertia empetrifolia is now restricted to southeastern Australia (NSW, Victoria and Tasmania).

Hibbertia radians, growing at Deep Creek National Park. Photo: T.A. Hammer.

To access content of all volumes of Swainsona and the Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens since Vol. 1 (1976), please visit the journal’s web-site at flora.sa.gov.au/swainsona.

A new family classification has recently been applied to vascular plants on the Census of South Australian Plants, Algae & Fungi. It is derived from an update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification (APG IV) for the orders and families of flowering plants, published in 2016. The new family numbers assigned in the Census are based on linear sort numbers presented in that paper. Detailed, technical information on plant families can be found on the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.

Lasiopetalum bauerii (Slender velvet-bush), now in Malvaceae (formerly in Sterculiaceae). Photo: D. Murfett.

Many families from the previous classification remained unchanged, but just occupy a new position in the sequence reflecting recent advances in understanding of their phylogenetic relationships. Some correspond to old familes, but have adopted new names, others are entirely new familes that have been split from existing ones. Several major families have been redefined, with their genera being variously assigned to other families.

The following table shows ‘old’ families that have effectively been ‘split’:

In addition to the above, the following 40 ‘old’ families have had a simple one-to-one change in the SA Census to a new family assignment and/or new name:

Eremophia duttonii (Harlequin Fuchsia-bush), now in the family Scrophulariaceae (formerly in Myoporaceae). Photo: SA Seed Conservation Centre.

Many of the changes have been applied on the Australian Plant Census (APC) for some time, and were also adopted for the 5th edition of the Flora of South Australia.

Notable changes include the genera within Scrophulariaceae being reassigned into five different families, and the Myoporaceae (comprising Eremophila and Myoporum, as well as the WA genus Diocirea) being subsumed within the now more narrowly circumscribed Scrophulariaceae.

In South Australia. the former Liliaceae  have become five separate families.

The milkweed family, Asclepiadaceae, is now incorporated within the Apocynaceae, the Centrolepidaceae within the Restionaceae, and the Sterculiaceae within the Malvaceae.

Significantly, Chenopodiaceae has been subsumed within Amaranthaceae, although this change is not currently applied to the APC.

Compiled by Herbarium botanist Peter Lang.

Pam Catcheside woking in a make-shift lab at Flinders Chase National Park in 2010. Photo: D. Catcheside.

Over the last few months, our colleagues at DEW’s Biodiversity Data Team have been processing over 5,500 fungi records to upload them to the Biological Databases of South Australia (BDBSA). This has well over tripled the number of fungi records and expanded the available fungi taxonomy in BDBSA.

The data uploaded has largely come from Pam Catcheside’s huge project to extensively collect and describe South Australian macrofungi. Pam retrained as a mycologist after having taught biology in schools in the UK and Adelaide for decades. Since then, she has studied the macrofungi and has described many new species as an Honorary Research Associate of the State Herbarium of South Australia.

The extent of macrofungi data collected by Pam Catcheside now available in BDBSA.

The project to incorporate Pam’s data into BDBSA was initiated when the Murraylands and Riverland Landscape Board was updating their ‘Find Our Fungi’ project – a citizen science project that provides information on target species in the region and encourages the community to upload records of these species to the FungiMap Project on iNaturalist. As Board staff were researching and describing the locations of the target species, they realised that none of Pam Catcheside’s records were showing up on BDBSA. Pam had been diligently storing those records in a separate database, and the Board was able to fund the task of reformatting it for inclusion in BDBSA. Critical support provided by the State Herbarium and the Science and Information staff resulted in the quality assurance of reformatted data and in the inclusion of 420 new species of fungi referenced in BDBSA.

If you have any questions regarding the data contact the Bio data support team at DEWbiodatasupport@sa.gov.au

BDBSA data-sets are available through the Department’s NatureMaps application.

Compiled by Lily Mackintosh, DEW Biodiversity Systems Officer

Since 1998, the annual SA Environment Awards celebrate South Australians, who give their time, expertise and passion on behalf of our precious natural environment. The award is Presented by Conservation Council SA in partnership with Green Adelaide, the Department for Environment and Water and the University of Adelaide’s Environment Institute.

Among this year’s recipients was Pam Catcheside, Hon. Research Associate of the State Herbarium of South Australia, who received a Lifetime Award for her work in mycology. Pam is well-known throughout Australia for her enthusiasm about fungi and her scientific contributions. Over the past 20 years she has made almost 5,000 collections, described three new species, one new genus, Antrelloides P.S.Catches. & D.E.A.Catches. (Swainsona 31: 82, 2018, 4.8mb PDF) and wrote papers on rare or interesting species. We all congratulate Pam for this great achievement!

Enid Robertson (1925-2016) received a posthumous Lifetime Award for her work in conservation. She was systematic botanist at the Waite Research Institute of The University of Adelaide, who was engaged to revise and edit the second edition of Part 4 of J.M. Black‘s Flora of South Australia (1957). Enid later worked with Prof. Bryan Womersley at the University’s Botany Department, work that was acknowledged with a seagrass being named after her, Posidonia robertsoniae, recognising her contribution to our knowledge of the Australian marine flora by Kuo and Cambridge in 1984. Her research focused on Asteraceae, Danthonia and seagrasses. Enid was remembered in a previous “Know Our Plants” blog post. The grass Rytidosperma robertsoniae Tiver (Swainsona 33: 36, 2020, 1.3mb PDF) was named after her.

A list of all 2023 award recipients, with more information about their achievements and short videos about the recipients, is available on the SA Environment Award website.